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ROM, or Read-Only Memory, is a type of non-volatile computer memory that stores permanent data that cannot be altered or easily changed during normal use. It contains the essential instructions a device needs to start up, such as the BIOS or UEFI, which initiate the boot process and load the operating system. Although traditionally "read-only," modern devices often use types like Flash ROM (a type of EEPROM) which allow for firmware updates.

Key characteristics of ROM

Read-only: The data stored in ROM is not meant to be modified by the user during standard operation.

Non-volatile: It retains its contents even when the power is turned off, making it ideal for storing firmware and other crucial startup instructions.

Permanent storage: It holds data that is permanently etched into the memory chips during manufacturing or programmed once.

What ROM stores

Startup instructions: The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) that a computer uses to boot up.

Firmware: The low-level software that controls the hardware of a device.