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A computer protocol is a set of rules that governs how data is transmitted and received across a network, allowing different devices to communicate effectively. These rules define the format of data, how it's addressed, and how to handle errors, acting as a common language for devices to exchange information regardless of their internal differences. Examples include HTTP for web browsing, SMTP for sending emails, and FTP for file transfers.

Key functions of protocols

Enable communication: Protocols act as a common language, ensuring that devices can understand each other even if they have different hardware or software.

Define data format: They specify the structure and rules for how data should be formatted for transmission.

Handle errors: Protocols include procedures for dealing with data transmission errors, ensuring reliable communication.

Manage flow and access: They control the flow of data to prevent overwhelming a receiver and manage access to a network link to avoid data collisions.