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In computer networking, PPP stands for Point-to-Point Protocol. It is a data link layer (Layer 2) communication protocol used to establish a direct connection between two network nodes, such as a computer and a server. This protocol standardizes how data is encapsulated, transmitted, and received over point-to-point links. PPP was most prominently used for dial-up internet access in the 1990s and early 2000s, connecting a user's modem to an internet service provider (ISP). While its use for modem connections has declined, variations of the protocol, like PPPoE, are still used today for broadband services such as DSL.

Key functions of PPP

Encapsulation: It packages network-layer data (like IP packets) into frames for transmission over a physical link.

Link Control Protocol (LCP): LCP is responsible for establishing, configuring, and testing the data link connection. It negotiates crucial connection details such as the maximum frame size.

Network Control Protocols (NCPs): After the link is established, a family of NCPs configures specific network-layer protocols. For instance, the Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP) is used to assign an IP address to the connected device.

Authentication: This optional but widely used feature verifies the identity of the user or device connecting to the network. Common methods include Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and the more secure Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP).

Data compression and error detection: PPP can negotiate data compression to improve throughput and includes a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) to detect transmission errors.