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A computer's Bluetooth component is a combination of hardware and software that enables short-range wireless communication with other compatible devices, such as keyboards, mice, and headphones. The hardware portion is a radio transceiver, while the software provides the necessary drivers and protocols.

Wireless communication: It operates on the 2.4 GHz radio frequency band, using a technique called frequency-hopping to avoid interference with other devices on the same frequency.

Pairing: To establish a secure connection, the component pairs with another Bluetooth-enabled device by exchanging unique codes. This creates a secure, encrypted link for communication.

Device connections: It allows your computer to serve as a "master" device that can connect with and manage up to seven "slave" devices, such as a headset or mouse.

Low energy: The modern Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) standard is designed for low-power devices like smartwatches and sensors, making it highly energy-efficient.

In computers, Bluetooth functionality is typically integrated in one of two ways:

Integrated Bluetooth

Many modern laptops and desktop motherboards include a built-in Bluetooth module. This is often integrated with the Wi-Fi card to handle multiple wireless signals from a single component.

Laptops: The Bluetooth module's antenna may be located in the screen bezel, separate from the radio transceiver on the motherboard.

Desktop computers: The Bluetooth functionality is usually part of a wireless card installed in a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) slot on the motherboard.